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Assessment, Vol. 13, No. 4, 442-453 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1073191106289031

Differential Item Functioning by Sex and Race in the Hogan Personality Inventory

Richard Sheppard

Central Michigan University

Kyunghee Han

Central Michigan University, han1k{at}cmich.edu

Stephen M. Colarelli

Central Michigan University

Guangdong Dai

Central Michigan University

Daniel W. King

National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Boston University

The authors examined measurement bias in the Hogan Personality Inventory by investigating differential item functioning (DIF) across sex and two racial groups (Caucasian and Black). The sample consisted of 1,579 Caucasians (1,023 men, 556 women) and 523 Blacks (321 men, 202 women) who were applying for entry-level, unskilled jobs in factories. Although the group mean differences were trivial, more than a third of the items showed DIF by sex (38.4%) and by race (37.3%). A content analysis of potentially biased items indicated that the themes of items displaying DIF were slightly more cohesive for sex than for race. The authors discuss possible explanations for differing clustering tendencies of items displaying DIF and some practical and theoretical implications of DIF in the development and interpretation of personality inventories.

Key Words: differential item functioning • item bias • measurement bias • Hogan Personality Inventory • personality testing • employee selection


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